The Re-election of President Deni in Puntland: An Analysis of Key Factors

The democratic elections unfolding in the Puntland state of Somalia present a critical juncture for the region's political landscape. Incumbent President Said Abdullahi Deni is running for re-election, and several factors contribute to his potential success. These factors include fear or intimidation, the perceived lack of viable alternatives, political nostalgia, and the ongoing conflict in the Sool and Sanaag regions. 

Fear or Intimidation The escalating disagreement between the federal government of Somalia and Puntland has created a climate of fear and intimidation. The federal government, based in Villa Somalia, has made alarming claims that Puntland's stability could be threatened if democratic elections proceed under President Deni. This fearmongering has provoked a defiant response from Puntlanders, who see Deni's re-election as a statement of resilience and self-determination. They view the continuation of Deni's presidency as a way to demonstrate to the federal government that Puntland will not buckle under pressure. 

Lack of Alternatives In the current political landscape, many Puntlanders perceive Deni as the best option among the candidates running for office. Under his leadership, Puntland has made strides towards democratization, and many citizens believe that he will continue to guide the state in the right direction. The lack of alternative candidates who are as trusted and experienced as Deni contributes to his potential for re-election. 

Political Nostalgia Another factor driving support for Deni is political nostalgia. Over the past five years, Deni's leadership has led to tangible improvements in Puntland's infrastructure, including road construction, hospital development, security enhancements, and good governance practices. Many Puntlanders look back on these developments with a sense of nostalgia and believe that Deni's re-election could usher in a return to these better times. Liberation of Sool and Sanaag Regions The ongoing conflict in the Sool and Sanaag regions further contributes to Deni's re-election prospects. 

These regions are currently contested by the Somaliland administration, despite the residents' insistence that they are part of Somalia. Deni has pledged his support to these residents, promising to aid in their liberation efforts. This promise has garnered him significant support from the elders and people of these regions, bolstering his chances for re-election. 

In conclusion, President Deni's potential re-election in Puntland's democratic elections can be attributed to a combination of factors, including the ongoing disagreement with the federal government, the perceived lack of alternative candidates, a sense of political nostalgia, and the conflict in the Sool and Sanaag regions. His track record and promises for the future resonate with many Puntlanders, making him a strong candidate in these crucial elections. However, Deni's re-election prospects are high.

"Somalia's Debt Dilemma: A Historical Analysis of a Nation's Economic Struggle"

Somalia's external debt has undeniably presented significant economic hurdles for the nation. The debt held by numerous countries and international bodies such as China, France, Italy, Japan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, and the World Bank has served as a constant reminder of the nation's financial struggle. This article will explore the historical timeline of Somalia's debt, its utilization, and the interest implications of the debt. 

The majority of Somalia's debt was contracted during the 1970s and 1980s, a period characterized by the authoritarian rule of Siad Barre. His regime was marked by ambitious development projects heavily funded by foreign loans. These funds were primarily channeled into infrastructural development such as roads, bridges, and public buildings, which were aimed at modernizing the nation. However, a significant proportion of these loans were also directed towards military spending. 

This was particularly evident during the 1977 war against Ethiopia, which required extensive financing, and subsequent efforts to quash internal revolts. During this period, corruption became rampant, and mismanagement of public funds was a common phenomenon, leading to a sharp increase in the country's external debt. By the year 2020, Somalia's external debt was estimated to be around $5.2 billion, inclusive of interests. 

This debt had its roots in the early years of the nation's independence, starting in 1960 with the administration of Aden Abdulle Osman. The debt, however, did not solely constitute the principal amount borrowed. 

Over the years, the accumulation of unpaid interest and penalties had significantly inflated the debt. The exact figures vary based on the terms of each individual loan, but the principle of compound interest meant that the longer the debts remained unpaid, the larger they grew. Moreover, the country's default on its loans led to a cycle of increasing interest and penalties. With the collapse of Siad Barre's regime in 1991 and the ensuing civil war, the country fell into arrears. Without a functioning government or economic infrastructure, Somalia was unable to service its debts, leading to default and a further increase in the debt due to accumulating interest and penalties. 

In conclusion, the external debt of Somalia is a complex issue that has been shaped by a variety of historical factors. Its rapid accumulation during the 1970s and 1980s, coupled with the subsequent inability to service the debt, has resulted in a significant economic burden for the country. Furthermore, the utilization of these loans, particularly for military expenditure and infrastructural development, did not contribute to the creation of a sustainable economy capable of servicing the debt. As a result, the unpaid interest and penalties have significantly inflated the debt, exacerbating the country's economic challenges.

"Washed Away: Qardo's Battle Against Relentless Floods and the Pursuit of Lasting Solutions"

Qardo, a city in the Puntland region of Somalia, has been facing the devastating consequences of recurring floods for years. Heavy seasonal rains often cause these floods, resulting in extensive damage to infrastructure, loss of property, and displacement of residents. Despite the growing frequency and severity of these floods, district leaders, residents, and the Puntland government have struggled to find effective solutions to prevent the recurring flooding. In this article, we will explore the reasons behind these challenges, the role of the international community, and potential solutions to address this pressing issue. Causes of Recurring Flooding Several factors contribute to the recurring floods in Qardo city. 

The main factors include: Climate change: As a result of climate change, Somalia, like many other regions worldwide, has experienced unpredictable weather patterns and an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events like heavy rainfall and flooding. Poor urban planning: Qardo city's infrastructure, including drainage systems, has not been adequately designed to handle the increasing volume of water from the heavy rains. This results in widespread flooding and damage to the city's buildings and infrastructure. 

 Deforestation and soil erosion: Deforestation and soil erosion have led to a loss of vegetation that would typically absorb excess water and help to prevent flooding. This further exacerbates the problem of flooding in the city. Challenges in Preventing Flooding Several challenges have hindered the implementation of effective flood prevention solutions in Qardo: Limited resources: Both the Puntland government and the local authorities in Qardo have limited financial and technical resources to invest in long-term flood prevention strategies, such as improving drainage systems and building protective infrastructure. 

 Political instability: Somalia has faced decades of political instability and conflict, which has hindered the development of effective governance structures and institutions that could address the complex issue of flooding. Lack of community awareness: Many residents of Qardo may not be aware of the long-term risks associated with flooding, or how to protect themselves and their properties against floods. This lack of awareness can make it difficult for authorities to gain community support for flood prevention efforts. 

 The Role of the International Community International aid organizations and donor countries have been providing financial and technical assistance to Somalia for various development projects, including disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation initiatives. Some of these projects may include efforts to address the issue of flooding in Qardo city. 

However, it is essential to ensure that any funds allocated for such projects are used transparently and effectively to bring about sustainable change. 

 Potential Solutions Infrastructure improvement: Invest in upgrading and expanding the city's drainage systems to better manage and channel floodwaters. This may involve the construction of retention ponds, the installation of larger culverts, and the reinforcement of riverbanks. Reforestation and soil conservation: Implement reforestation and soil conservation programs to restore vegetation and reduce soil erosion, thereby improving the land's capacity to absorb excess water. Flood-resistant construction: Encourage and enforce the use of flood-resistant construction techniques for new buildings and infrastructure in flood-prone areas. Community education and awareness: 

Conduct community-based education and awareness campaigns to inform residents about the risks of flooding, how to protect their properties, and the importance of supporting flood prevention efforts. International support and collaboration: Seek financial and technical assistance from the international community to implement long-term, sustainable flood prevention projects, while ensuring transparency and accountability in the use of these resources. 

Conclusion The recurring floods in Qardo city pose a complex challenge that requires a multi-faceted approach involving local communities, district leaders, the Puntland government, and international partners. 

The Path to Democracy in Puntland: A Model for Somalia's Future

The multipart system of democracy in Puntland, a state in Somalia, is experiencing a significant transformation as the region embraces democratization. As a role model for the rest of Somalia, Puntland's President has dedicated considerable effort to ensure a smooth transition to a more democratic system. This article will discuss the advantages of democracy for Somalia, particularly Puntland, and how President Deni is leaving a legacy in the state's system of government. 

 The Move Toward Democracy In a recent meeting, the President of Puntland and political organizations discussed the future of the state's political landscape. The participants agreed on an amendment to the constitution that would allow a three-party system to replace to the five-party system for the next ten years. However, a compromise was reached to maintain the existing five-party system. The proposal is now pending approval from the Council of Ministers before being submitted to Parliament. If passed, it will be annexed to the Constitution. 

The political team of Puntland, which championed this idea, opposed limiting the political landscape to just three parties. The Advantages of Democracy for Puntland and Somalia The shift towards a more inclusive political landscape in Puntland is an essential step in the state's journey towards a stronger, more representative democracy. By maintaining a five-party system, Puntland encourages political pluralism and a diverse range of ideologies. This diversity of thought and representation promotes healthy debate, leading to better decision-making and more effective governance. Moreover, the democratic system strengthens the rule of law, promoting accountability and transparency. 

As Puntland embraces democracy, citizens will have a greater ability to participate in the political process, ensuring that their voices are heard, and their concerns are addressed. This increased engagement empowers the population and fosters a sense of national unity. 

 President Deni's Legacy in Puntland's System of Government President Deni's commitment to democratization in Puntland has been vital in facilitating the state's political transformation. By advocating for a more inclusive political landscape, Deni is demonstrating his commitment to upholding the principles of democracy and the rule of law. His efforts to create a stable and democratic environment will be remembered as a turning point in Puntland's history, setting a positive precedent for the rest of Somalia. As Puntland moves forward with its democratic journey, the state will serve as an example for other regions in Somalia, potentially inspiring similar changes throughout the country. 

President Deni's legacy will be remembered not only as an advocate for democracy in Puntland but also as a driving force for change throughout Somalia. 

 Conclusion The democratization of Puntland, led by President Deni, serves as a beacon of hope for the rest of Somalia. As the state embraces a more inclusive and diverse political landscape, it reaps the benefits of a stronger, more representative democracy. Puntland's democratic journey has the potential to inspire change throughout Somalia, ushering in a new era of stability, prosperity, and unity. President Deni's legacy will be indelibly etched into the annals of Puntland's history, as he helps guide the region towards a brighter, more democratic future.

Somali Identity Crisis: The Influence of Arab Culture on Somali Elders

The Somali identity crisis is a phenomenon where the Somali people, particularly the elders, have adopted various aspects of Arab culture and abandoned their traditional practices. This cultural shift can be traced back to the 1990s, when Arab culture began to have a more significant impact on Somali society. The essay aims to compare and contrast the Somali culture before and after the influence of Arab culture and explore the reasons behind the cultural shift. Somali Culture Before the 1990s Before the 1990s, Somalis took pride in their unique and vibrant culture, which was characterized by their traditional clothing and customs. 

The Somali people wore distinct traditional clothes such as Macawis, Koofiyad, Go shaal ah, and Matoobo. The society was deeply rooted in their customs and preserved their heritage, allowing them to stand out among other African nations. Arab Influence on Somali Culture The 1990s marked the beginning of a significant cultural shift in Somali society, particularly among the elders. This change can be attributed to the growing influence of Arab culture, which began to penetrate Somali society. The elders started to abandon their traditional attire and customs, adopting Arab clothing like Qamiis, Cimaamad, and Cigaal. 

Many Somali elders believed that wearing such attire was a religious obligation ordained by Allah and Prophet Mohammed (PBUH). However, this belief is a misconception as Islam does not prescribe a specific uniform for its followers. Diversity in Islam and the Preservation of Cultural Identity Islam is a religion that embraces diversity and does not impose a particular culture or dress code on its adherents. Sura Hud: 118 emphasizes this notion, stating that if Allah had willed, He could have made mankind one community, but they will continue to differ. This verse highlights the importance of preserving one's cultural identity while practicing Islam. 

 Countries such as Yemen, Libya, and Indonesia are examples of Muslim-majority nations that maintain their unique cultural identities while adhering to Islamic teachings. These countries demonstrate that an individual can be a Muslim without adopting the culture of another society. 

 Conclusion The Somali identity crisis is a result of the growing influence of Arab culture on Somali society, particularly among the elders. The belief that adopting Arab attire is a religious obligation is a misconception, as Islam does not impose a specific uniform on its followers. It is essential for Somali people to understand the importance of preserving their cultural heritage and embracing the diversity that Islam promotes. By doing so, they can maintain their unique identity while practicing their faith, allowing for a harmonious coexistence of different cultures within the Islamic community.

The Decline of the Somali Shilling and the Rise of the US Dollar in Somalia

The economic challenges faced by Somalia since the collapse of its central government in the early 1990s have had far-reaching consequences, including the decline of its national currency, the Somali Shilling. This essay aims to explore the reasons behind the decline of the Somali Shilling and the subsequent rise in the use of the US Dollar in everyday transactions within Somalia. Additionally, it will discuss the challenges involved in re-establishing a national currency in the country.

The Decline of the Somali Shilling:

1. Collapse of the central government:
   The disintegration of the central government in 1991 left a void of power and authority, resulting in a lack of oversight over the issuance and regulation of a national currency. Without a functioning government, the Somali Shilling was left vulnerable to instability and depreciation.

2. Hyperinflation and loss of confidence:
   The political and economic turmoil experienced by Somalia led to significant hyperinflation, causing prices to rise rapidly. As a consequence, the Somali Shilling lost its value, eroding public confidence in the currency. Many individuals sought to protect their wealth by turning to the more stable US Dollar.

3. Counterfeiting and physical degradation:
   The absence of a central authority allowed counterfeit currency to flood the market, further undermining trust in the Somali Shilling. Moreover, poor production quality and extensive use led to the physical deterioration of the currency, with notes becoming worn, ripped, or torn.

Reasons for the Rise of the US Dollar in Somalia:

1. Stability and international acceptance:
   The US Dollar is renowned for its stability and wide acceptance globally. In contrast to the devalued Somali Shilling, using the US Dollar provides Somalis with a more reliable and secure means of preserving their wealth and conducting transactions.

2. Facilitation of international trade and remittances:
   Somalia heavily relies on imports and remittances from its diaspora. The use of the US Dollar simplifies international transactions, making it easier for Somalis to engage in trade and receive remittances from abroad.

Challenges of Re-establishing a National Currency:

1. Lack of a central monetary authority:
   The re-establishment of a national currency necessitates a functional central bank responsible for currency issuance, monetary policy management, and financial stability. However, Somalia's central bank has been severely weakened by years of conflict and instability, hindering the establishment of a strong financial infrastructure.

2. Political instability and security concerns:
   Ongoing political instability and power struggles among different factions pose significant challenges to creating the necessary institutional framework to support a national currency. Additionally, security concerns may deter foreign investors and financial institutions from participating in the country's monetary system.

3. Public trust and acceptance:
   Restoring public confidence in a new national currency is a formidable task. Somalis may be hesitant to abandon the US Dollar, which has provided stability and predictability during times of uncertainty. Addressing the issues of counterfeit currency and poor-quality notes is essential to ensure the credibility of the new currency.

Conclusion:

The decline of the Somali Shilling and the subsequent rise in the use of the US Dollar can be attributed to factors such as the collapse of the central government, hyperinflation, counterfeiting, and physical degradation. Re-establishing a national currency in Somalia faces numerous challenges, including the need to rebuild institutions, address political instability, and regain public trust. However, a stable and well-functioning national currency is crucial for Somalia's long-term economic development and self-sustainability. Efforts should be made to strengthen the capacity of the central bank, improve security and stability, and implement measures to restore public trust in a new currency. Only through these efforts can Somalia reduce its reliance on foreign currencies and pave the way for a more prosperous economic future.

YAA MAAMULA SIYAASADDA SOMALIYA?

SIYAASADDA JUQARAAFI E GEESKA AFRIKA(GEOPOLITICS OF THE HORN OF AFRICA). CASHARKII SADEXAAD. YAA MAAMULA SIYAASADDA SOMALIYA? ≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈=≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈ 

Si loo falanqeeyo cidda maamusha siyaasadda Soomaaliya, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in si qoto dheer loo fahmo siyaasadda qalafsan ee ka jirta Geeska Afrika. Nidaamka siyaasadeed ee Soomaaliya, Hardanka danaha wadamada dibadda iyo gudaha saameynta ku leh xasilloonida siyaasadeed ee dalka. Qormadan ujeeddadeedu waxa weeye inan ku iftiimiyo hal-doorka siyaasadda(Political players) iyo cida gacanta ku haysa maamulida siyaasadda dalka. JILAYAASHA GUDDAHA(Internal actors). Ugu horrayn, Dowladda Federaalka oo la dhisay sanadki 2012-kii, waxay matalaysaa maamulka dhexe, waana dalada sare dalka. Dowladda oo ay madax ka yihiin Madaxweyne iyo Ra’iisul Wasaare, dowladdu waxay ku shaqeysaa nidaamka baarlamaanka federaalka. caqabadaha u waawayn e haysta wa hay’addaha dowliga ah oo daciif ah iyo dhaqaale la’aan. Dowladu waxay wajahda dagaalo siyaasadeed oo ay ku dooneyso inay heshiis la,aan kula wareegto, awoodaha maamuladda. si ay saamayn wayn uugu yeelato dalka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, gacan ku haynteeda siyaasada dalka oo dhan way xadidan tahay, maadaama dowlad goboleedyadda ay heystaan ​​madax-bannaani weyn. Tan labaad, dowlad goboleedyada ayaa door muhiim ah ku leh gacan kuhaynta awoodda siyaasadda Soomaaliya. Dalku wuxuu u qaybsan yahay shan dawlad-goboleed oo federaal ah: Puntland, Galmudug, Hirshabeelle, Koonfur Galbeed iyo Jubaland. Maamul goboleedyadan ayaa leh dowlado u gaar ah iyo ciidamo suga ammaanka, kuwaas oo maamula deegaanada ay ka taliyaan. Xiriirka u dhaxeeya dowladda dhexe iyo dowlad goboleedyada ayaa inta badan waxaa ka dhasha xiisado iyo khilaafaad dhanka awoodda ah. Siyaasadda Qabiilka: Nidaamka qabaliga bay ku dhisantahay dowladnimadda Somaliya, kaas o ku dhex milmay bulshada, wuxuuna si weyn u saameeyaa gacan kuhaynta siyaasadda. Siyaasiinta Qabiilada saamanta ku leh dowlada, waxay soo dhisaan madaxda federalka iyago ku shaqaysanaya awood dillaalnimo(a power broker), taas o xoojin karta ama wiiqi karta dawladda federaalka. Sidoo kale, kooxaha xagjirka ah sida Al-Shabaab, baa saameen ku leh awooda dalka, maadaama ay kataliyaan qaybo badan konfurta somaliya. Al-Shabaab, si firfircoon waxay ula dagaalanta dowladda Federaalka iyo ciidamada Midowga Afrika iyadoo hadafkeedu yahay, nidaam ka dowladliga ah in lagu badalo waxay uugu yeeraan dowlad islaami ah. Dagaaladda joogtada ah ee Al-Shabaab ayaa saameyn weyn ku leh xasiloonida amniga iyo siyaasadda dalka. JILAYAASHA DIBADDA/BEESHA CAALAMKA(External actors). Jilayaasha caalamiga ah, sida Midowga Afrika, Qaramada Midoobay iyo dalal kala duwan oo reer galbeed ah ayaa iyaguna saameyn ku leh gacan kuhaynta siyaasadda Soomaaliya. Waxay dawladda siiyaan taageero dhaqaale, mid ciidan iyo qalab. Midowga Afrika waxa uu door muhiim ah ku leeyahay siyaasadda dalka isaga oo u maraya howlgalka nabad ilaalinta AMISOM. Tan iyo markii la howlgaliyay 2007, AMISOM waxa ay muhiim u ahayd in dowladda Soomaaliya ka taageerto dib u soo celinta xasiloonida koofurta somaliya. Itoobiya iyo Kenya: Maadaama ay daris dhow layihiin somaliya, labaduba waxay dano gaar ah ka leeyihiin siyaasadda Soomaaliya. Waxay geeyeen ciidamo AMISOM ah oo ay ku fushadaan danahooda istaraatiijiga ah ee gobolka dhexdiisa. Iyadoo saameyntooda siyaasadda Soomaaliya ay tahay mid muuqata, faragelina ku hayaan arrimaha gudaha. Mareykanka iyo Midowga Yurub waxay Soomaaliya ku taaku leeyaan taageero maaliyadeed, mid ciidan iyo mid bini'aadantinimo. Ka-qaybgalkoodu waxa uu ku wajahan yahay xoojinta awoodda dawladda Soomaaliya iyo taageeridda qorshayaasha ka hortagga argagixisada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saameyntooda inta badan waxaa loo sii maraa Madaxda maamul goboleedyada, dowladaha deriska ah iyo ururada caalamiga ah. Dowladaha Khaliijka, gaar ahaan Imaaraadka Carabta iyo Qatar ayaa banaanka keenay, korna uqaaday danaha siyaasadeed ay ka leeyihiin somalia. Waxay taageero dhaqaale siiyaan dhinacyo kala duwan, taasoo inta badan sii xoojisa khilaafka u dhexeeya dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad goboleedyada. Loolanka ay ugu jiraan saamaynta Geeska Afrika waxa ku soo kordhiyeen xasilooni daro siyaasadeed. Gabagabodi Siyaasadda Soomaaliya waxa gacanta kuhaya, maamulana garabyo kala duwan, lehna dano is kahorjeeda sida, Beesha caalamka, Dowladda Federaalka, dowlad goboleedyada, qabaa’ilka, iyo Al-Shabaab. Hardanka danaha jilayaasha siyaasada(political actors) ka ayaa abuura loolan awoodeed iyo xasilooni darada dalka. � Waxa Qoray: Said Noor Email:Saidnoor571@gmail.com